A fire hydrant is a vertical steel pipe with an outlet, close to which two fire hoses are stored (A fire hydrant is called a
standpipe in America). During a fire, firefighters will go to the outlet, break open the hoses, attach one to the outlet, and
manually open it so that water rushes out of the nozzle of the hose. The quantity and speed of the water is so great that it
can knock over the firefighter holding the hose if he is not standing in the correct way. As soon as the fire fighter opens
the hydrant, water will gush out, and sensors will detect a drop in pressure in the system. This drop in pressure will trigger
the fire pumps to turn on and start pumping water at a tremendous flowrate. A sprinkler is a nozzle attached to a network of pipes, and installed just below the ceiling of a room. Every sprinkler has
a small glass bulb with a liquid in it. This bulb normally blocks the flow of water. In a fire, the liquid in the bulb will
become hot. It will then expand, and shatter the glass bulb, removing the obstacle and causing water to spray from the sprinkler.
The main difference between a hydrant and a sprinkler is that a sprinkler will come on automatically in a fire. A fire hydrant
has to be operated manually by trained firefighters - it cannot be operated by laymen. A sprinkler will usually be activated very
quickly in a fire - possibly before the fire station has been informed of the fire - and therefore is very effective at putting out
a fire in the early stages, before it grows into a large fire. For this reason, a sprinkler system is considered very good at putting
out fires before they spread and become unmanageable. According to the NFPA of America, hotels with sprinklers suffered 78% less
property damage from fire than hotels without in a study in the mid-1980s.
